Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination of Drugs, Factors Influencing Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Individuals

Vinayasree . C, Mohan Naidu . K, Muralinath . E, Amrutham Sandeep, Venkat Naveen . A, Guruprasad . M, Sravani Pragna . K

Abstract


Pharmacokinetics is related to the study of drugs regarding their absorption, distribution, metabolism as well as elimination from the body. Absorption is the first stage in the pharmacokinetic process and plays a role in assessing the drugs bio availability as well as onset of action. Distribution is the second phase of pharmacokinetics and occurs after a drug is absorbed into the blood stream. The distribution process is affected by many factors namely the drugs physico chemical properties, blood flow to different tissues and the presence of binding proteins. Metabolism is related to the processing of the drugs by the body, along with their absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME). Metabolism refers to the chemical modification of a drug, often through enzymatic reactions, to change it into metabolites that are more easily excreted. The main routes of excretion are renal (through urine), hepatic (through bile), pulmonary (through breath) and fecal (through feces). It is finally concluded that doctors can personalize modification patterns, ensuring that drugs are processed appropriately in the body of a healthy individual.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Slørdal, L., & Spigset, O. (2005). Basic pharmacokinetics--absorption. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening: tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 125(7), 886-887.

Starkey, E. S., & Sammons, H. M. (2015). Practical pharmacokinetics: what do you really need to know?. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Education and Practice, 100(1), 37-43.

Slørdal, L., & Spigset, O. (2005). Basic pharmacokinetics--distribution. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening: tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 125(8), 1007-1008.

Nancarrow, C., & Mather, L. E. (1983). Pharmacokinetics in renal failure. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 11(4), 350-360.

Zhivkova, Z. D., Mandova, T., & Doytchinova, I. (2015). Quantitative structure–pharmacokinetics relationships analysis of basic drugs: volume of distribution. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18(3), 515-527.

Mei, H., Wang, J., Che, H., Wang, R., & Cai, Y. (2019). The clinical efficacy and safety of vancomycin loading dose: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 98(43).

Alcorn, J., & McNamara, P. J. (2003). Pharmacokinetics in the newborn. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 55(5), 667-686.

Gray, K., Adhikary, S. D., & Janicki, P. (2018). Pharmacogenomics of analgesics in anesthesia practice: A current update of literature. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, 34(2), 155.

Westervelt, P., Cho, K., Bright, D. R., & Kisor, D. F. (2014). Drug–gene interactions: inherent variability in drug maintenance dose requirements. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 39(9), 630.

Mangoni, A. A., & Jackson, S. H. (2004). Age‐related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applications. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 57(1), 6-14.

Bari, N. (1995). Salicylate poisoning. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 45(6), 160-161.

Trescot, A. M., Datta, S., Lee, M., & Hansen, H. (2008). Opioid pharmacology. Pain physician, 11(2S), S133.

Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Cuomo, A., Dulebohn, S. C., & Di Napoli, R. (2020). StatPearls Publishing. Treasure Island (FL).


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.