Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Histopathology, Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Human Beings

Abstract

The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma, the second most prevalent skin cancer, is steadily increasing annually, which is a serious public health problem, especially in the United States. Mortality rates for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are comparable to those of melanoma, renal carcinoma, and oro pharyngeal carcinoma in the central and southern regions of the United States. Timely surveillance, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment are crucial to minimize morbidity as well as mortality risks.  The mainstay of therapy is still surgical excision, however new therapeutic techniques are being brought about by continuous research.  Besides, nonsurgical options, namely radiation therapy, topical creams, cryo therapy, photo dynamic therapy, and laser ablation, are available, particularly for patients unsuitable for surgery.  Whatever it may be, these nonsurgical treatments frequently exhibit higher recurrence rates.

In order to encourage early diagnosis and treatment, especially for high-risk patients, healthcare practitioners prefer regular follow-ups and routine skin checks. This emphasizes the significance of teamwork in providing the best possible care. A skin biopsy is typically required for diagnosis, and in more advanced instances, sentinel lymph node biopsy and further imaging are often required. Skin squamous cell carcinoma's aetiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, histopathological subtypes, clinical characteristics, and available treatments are all covered in this activity. Due of its close ties to ultraviolet light, this activity underscores the importance of photoprotection in lowering the incidence of cutaneous squamous cell cancer. Thus, this exercise emphasises how crucial it is for healthcare professionals to work together across professional boundaries when advising patients on preventative measures, such as using SPF 30 sunscreen to avoid the sun, wearing protective clothes, and using eyewear.