Integrated Natural Media Filtration for Groundwater Softening, Greywater Recycling, and Controlled Recharge

Abstract

The shortage of water and lower groundwater levels are emerging as major problems, particularly in rural and semi-urban regions, as well as in the discharge of domestic greywater. Considering this issue, the present study emphasizes the development of a self-sustaining integrated system for raw water treatment and greywater recycling. The primary objectives of the work are to enhance the quality of hard raw water for domestic consumption and to treat greywater for safe reuse or groundwater recharge. Several raw water samples from various borewell locations were collected and tested for pH, hardness, chlorides, TDS, and calcium content. A natural filtration unit was set up using locally sourced materials, including gravel, sand, crushed earthen pot pieces, coconut shell charcoal, and moringa seed powder. The quality of the raw water improved after treatment, especially regarding hardness and other impurities. Greywater from domestic use was also harvested and treated using a simple natural filter bed. Pre- and post-treatment parameters, such as pH, turbidity, TDS, BOD, and COD, were measured. The findings revealed significant reductions in turbidity, BOD, and COD, indicating that suspended particles and organic matter were effectively removed from the river water. The treated greywater may be utilized for non-potable uses and groundwater recharge in a controlled setting. The proposed system is simple, economical, eco-friendly, and can be used in a decentralized manner. It encourages water reuse, reduces the demand for freshwater, decreases wastewater discharge, and helps sustain groundwater in water-stressed areas.