A Review of Nanoparticles: Properties, Applications, and Implications in Building Construction

Abstract

This review explores nanoparticles (NPs), which are materials ranging in size from 1 to 100 nanometres, and examines their unique properties and wide-ranging applications. Various types of NPs, including fullerenes, metal NPs, ceramic NPs, and polymeric NPs, are discussed, highlighting their distinctive characteristics such as unique colours and reactivity due to their small size. The review covers the diverse applications of NPs in fields such as catalysis, medical devices, and environmental remediation. It also addresses the environmental challenges posed by heavy metal NPs like lead, mercury, and tin, which are persistent and difficult to degrade. A special emphasis is placed on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), noted for their intriguing properties, such as size and shape-dependent colour variations and antimicrobial activity. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of various synthesis methods for AgNPs, including laser ablation, chemical reduction, and biological approaches, evaluating their advantages and disadvantages for industrial applications. Understanding these synthesis techniques is crucial for their potential future utilization and innovation.