Exploring Lightweight Concrete: Sustainable Alternatives with Organic and Inorganic Waste Materials

Abstract

The integration of lightweight aggregates in concrete has garnered attention due to its potential to create sustainable, durable, and economically viable construction materials. Lightweight aggregates, classified by ASTM C330/C330M14, enable the production of lightweight concrete, with a history of applications in iconic structures like the Pantheon and the Coliseum. The demand for green concrete has risen as the construction industry seeks to mitigate environmental impacts, particularly those from cement production, which contributes significantly to global CO2 emissions. By utilizing organic and inorganic waste materials such as coconut shells, palm shells, and fly ash, lightweight concrete achieves compressive strengths ranging from 17 MPa to 60 MPa and densities from 1300 to 2000 kg/m³. However, the use of these aggregates impacts workability, necessitating measures like maintaining a saturated surface-dry condition. Mechanical and durability characteristics of lightweight concrete, including resistance to impact and fluid penetration, have been observed, supporting its use in structural applications. This study aims to evaluate the performance and sustainability of lightweight concrete using waste materials and explore optimal design methods to balance strength, workability, and environmental benefits.