Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Causes of Pulmonary Edema, Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema, Non Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema, Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Edema, Diagnosis of Pulmonary Edema, Name of the Test to be conducted to Diagnose Pulmonary Edema, Treatment of Pulmonary Edema and Pr

Mohan Naidu .K, Muralinath .E, Amrutham Sandeep, Ramadevi .K, Venkat Naveen . A, Vamsi Krishna . P, Mythri .P, Guru Prasad . M

Abstract


     In  most  of  the  cases, heart problems  are  related  to  the  pulmonary  edema.  Both  pulmonary  edema  and  pneumonia  are  related  to  a  build  up  of  fluid  in  your  lungs.  An  infection  leads  to  the  occurrence  of  pneumonia.  The  infection  may  be  bacterial,  viral  or  fungi.  Pulmonary  edema  is  generally  related  to  heart  diseases,  but  it  shows  other possible  reasons  namely  blood  transfusion reactions  as  well  as  kidney  failure.  Primary  pulmonary  edema  is  divided  two  groups  such  as  cardiogenic (heart  related)  group  and  non  cardiogenic  (non  heart-related)  group.  High  altitude  pulmonary  edema (HAPE)  is   observed, if  you  especially  at  high altitude  or  if  you  are  rapidly  going  up a  mountain.  Negative  pulmonary  edema  is  seen  especially  after  a blockage  in  your  upper  airways.  Pulmonary  edema  is  classified  is  classified  into  sudden (acute)  as  well  as  long - term  (chronic)  types.  Blood  chemistries,  cardiac  caterization,  chest  X  ray.  Complete  blood  count (CBC),  ECG  and  pulse  oximetry  are  helpful  in  diagnosing   pulmonary  edema.  Treatment  is  also  based  on  iv  diuretics,  iv  inotropes,  nitrates  and  oxygen.  Treatment  is  dependent  upon  the  machines  and  medications.  Antibiotics,  steroids,  ventilators  or  respirators  are useful  in  treating  pulmonary  edema.  Prevention  of  pulmonary  edema  is  based on  routine  vaccinations,  healthy  diet  along  with  low  salt  and  regulation  of  body  weight.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Stanojevic S, Kaminsky DA, Miller MR, Thompson B, Aliverti A, Barjaktarevic I, Cooper BG, Culver B, Derom E, Hall GL, Hallstrand TS, Leuppi JD, MacIntyre N, McCormack M, Rosenfeld M, Swenson ER. ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2022 Jul;60(1) [PubMed]

Miller MR, Crapo R, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, Enright P, van der Grinten CP, Gustafsson P, Jensen R, Johnson DC, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Navajas D, Pedersen OF, Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Wanger J., ATS/ERS Task Force. General considerations for lung function testing. Eur Respir J. 2005 Jul;26(1):153-61. [PubMed]

Sankari A, Bascom A, Oomman S, Badr MS. Sleep disordered breathing in chronic spinal cord injury. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014 Jan 15;10(1):65-72. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Cooper BG. An update on contraindications for lung function testing. Thorax. 2011 Aug;66(8):714-23. [PubMed]

Ali NA, Nafees AA, Fatmi Z, Azam SI. Dose-response of Cotton Dust Exposure with Lung Function among Textile Workers: MultiTex Study in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2018 Jul;9(3):120-128. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

O'Donnell CR, Bankier AA, Stiebellehner L, Reilly JJ, Brown R, Loring SH. Comparison of plethysmographic and helium dilution lung volumes: which is best for COPD? Chest. 2010 May;137(5):1108-15. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Rhodes CE, Denault D, Varacallo M. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Nov 14, 2022. Physiology, Oxygen Transport. [PubMed]

Trakada G, Kastritis E, Gavriatopoulou M, Velentza L, Fotiou D, Ziogas DC, Panagiotidis I, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, Roussou M, Migkou M, Kanellias N, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Kallianos A, Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA. Pulmonary function abnormalities are common in patients with multiple myeloma and are independently associated with worse outcome. Ann Hematol. 2019 Jun;98(6):1427-1434. [PubMed]

Coates AL, Wanger J, Cockcroft DW, Culver BH, Bronchoprovocation Testing Task Force: Kai-Håkon Carlsen. Diamant Z, Gauvreau G, Hall GL, Hallstrand TS, Horvath I, de Jongh FHC, Joos G, Kaminsky DA, Laube BL, Leuppi JD, Sterk PJ. ERS technical standard on bronchial challenge testing: general considerations and performance of methacholine challenge tests. Eur Respir J. 2017 May;49(5) [PubMed]

Holland AE, Spruit MA, Troosters T, Puhan MA, Pepin V, Saey D, McCormack MC, Carlin BW, Sciurba FC, Pitta F, Wanger J, MacIntyre N, Kaminsky DA, Culver BH, Revill SM, Hernandes NA, Andrianopoulos V, Camillo CA, Mitchell KE, Lee AL, Hill CJ, Singh SJ. An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society technical standard: field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease. Eur Respir J. 2014 Dec;44(6):1428-46. [PubMed]

Bittner V, Weiner DH, Yusuf S, Rogers WJ, McIntyre KM, Bangdiwala SI, Kronenberg MW, Kostis JB, Kohn RM, Guillotte M. Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. JAMA. 1993 Oct 13;270(14):1702-7. [PubMed]

Bohannon RW, Crouch R. Minimal clinically important difference for change in 6-minute walk test distance of adults with pathology: a systematic review. J Eval Clin Pract. 2017 Apr;23(2):377-381. [PubMed]

Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, Crapo R, Enright P, van der Grinten CP, Gustafsson P, Jensen R, Johnson DC, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Navajas D, Pedersen OF, Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Wanger J., ATS/ERS Task Force. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005 Aug;26(2):319-38. [PubMed]

Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, van der Grinten CP, Gustafsson P, Hankinson J, Jensen R, Johnson DC, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Miller MR, Navajas D, Pedersen OF, Wanger J. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2005 Nov;26(5):948-68. [PubMed]

Tashkin DP, Celli B, Decramer M, Liu D, Burkhart D, Cassino C, Kesten S. Bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008 Apr;31(4):742-50. [PubMed]

Paine NJ, Joseph MF, Bacon SL, Julien CA, Cartier A, Ditto B, Favreau H, Lavoie KL. Association Between Depression, Lung Function, and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Asthma and Occupational Asthma. J Occup Environ Med. 2019 Jun;61(6):453-460. [PubMed]


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.