Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Disorders of Respiration, Different types of APNEA, APNEA Time, Occurrence of APNEA in Different Conditions and Clinical Aspects of APNEA

Dr.Mohan Naidu K., Dr. Sridevi V., Dr. Muralinath E., Dr. Manjari P., Dr. Chapalamadugu C Kalyan, Dr. Sravani Pragna K., Dr. M. Guru Prasad, Nikhil J., Dr. Sony Sharlet

Abstract


Apnea is described as momentary stoppage of breathing. Apnea is seen in adrenaline apnea, deglutition apnea, vagal apnea and voluntary apnea. Normally apnea is divided into central apnea, mixed apnea and obstructive apnea.

 


Full Text:

PDF

References


Semelka, M., Wilson, J., & Floyd, R. (2016). Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. American family physician, 94(5), 355-360.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2017). National coverage determination (NCD) for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)(240.4). 2008 [accessed 2013 Aug 26]. Accessed December, 6.

American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Diagnostic and Coding Manual. American Academy of Sleep Medicine; Westchester, Illinois: 2005. International classification of sleep disorders.

Lowe, A. A., Ono, T., Ferguson, K. A., Pae, E. K., Ryan, C. F., & Fleetham, J. A. (1996). Cephalometric comparisons of craniofacial and upper airway structure by skeletal subtype and gender in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 110(6), 653-664.

Victor, L. D. (1999). Obstructive sleep apnea. American family physician, 60(8), 2279.

Horner, R. L., Mohiaddin, R. H., Lowell, D. G., Shea, S. A., Burman, E. D., Longmore, D. B., & Guz, A. (1989). Sites and sizes of fat deposits around the pharynx in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and weight matched controls. European Respiratory Journal, 2(7), 613-622.

Peppard, P. E., Young, T., Palta, M., Dempsey, J., & Skatrud, J. (2000). Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. Jama, 284(23), 3015-3021.

Myers, K. A., Mrkobrada, M., & Simel, D. L. (2013). Does this patient have obstructive sleep apnea?: The Rational Clinical Examination systematic review. Jama, 310(7), 731-741.

Durán, J., Esnaola, S., Rubio, R., & Iztueta, Á. (2001). Obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 yr. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 163(3), 685-689.

Newman, A. B., Foster, G., Givelber, R., Nieto, F. J., Redline, S., & Young, T. (2005). Progression and regression of sleep-disordered breathing with changes in weight: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Archives of internal medicine, 165(20), 2408-2413.

Punjabi, N. M., O'HEARN, D. J., Neubauer, D. N., Nieto, F. J., Schwartz, A. R., Smith, P. L., & Bandeen-Roche, K. (1999). Modeling hypersomnolence in sleep-disordered breathing: a novel approach using survival analysis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 159(6), 1703-1709.

Kim, H. C., Young, T., Matthews, C. G., Weber, S. M., Woodard, A. R., & Palta, M. (1997). Sleep-disordered breathing and neuropsychological deficits: a population-based study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 156(6), 1813-1819.

Young, T., Blustein, J., Finn, L., & Palta, M. (1997). Sleep-disordered breathing and motor vehicle accidents in a population-based sample of employed adults. Sleep, 20(8), 608-613.

Patil, S. P., Schneider, H., Marx, J. J., Gladmon, E., Schwartz, A. R., & Smith, P. L. (2007). Neuromechanical control of upper airway patency during sleep. Journal of applied physiology, 102(2), 547-556.

Schwab, R. J., Gupta, K. B., Gefter, W. B., Metzger, L. J., Hoffman, E. A., & Pack, A. I. (1995). Upper airway and soft tissue anatomy in normal subjects and patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Significance of the lateral pharyngeal walls. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 152(5), 1673-1689.

Haponik, E. F., Smith, P. L., Bohlman, M. E., Allen, R. P., Goldman, S. M., & Bleecker, E. R. (1983). Computerized tomography in obstructive sleep apnea: correlation of airway size with physiology during sleep and wakefulness. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 127(2), 221-226.

Burger, C. D., Stanson, A. W., Sheedy, P. F., Daniels, B. K., & Shepard, J. W. (1992). Fast-computed tomography evaluation of age-related changes in upper airway structure and function in normal men. Am Rev Respir Dis, 145(4 Pt 1), 846-852.

Malhotra, A., Huang, Y., Fogel, R. B., Pillar, G., Edwards, J. K., Kikinis, R., ... & White, D. P. (2002). The male predisposition to pharyngeal collapse: importance of airway length. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 166(10), 1388-1395.

Schwab, R. J., Pasirstein, M., Pierson, R., Mackley, A., Hachadoorian, R., Arens, R., ... & Pack, A. I. (2003). Identification of upper airway anatomic risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 168(5), 522-530.

Mezzanotte, W. S., Tangel, D. J., & White, D. P. (1992). Waking genioglossal electromyogram in sleep apnea patients versus normal controls (a neuromuscular compensatory mechanism). The Journal of clinical investigation, 89(5), 1571-1579.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.