Distribution of Cyanosis, Occurrence of Cyanosis, Pathophysiology of Cyanosis, Evaluation of Cyanosis, Causes of Cyanosis, Classification of Cyanosis, Treatment of Cyanosis and Differential Diagnosis of Cyanosis
Abstract
Bluish coloration of skin as well as mucus membrane. Cyanosis is particularly seen in many areas where the skin exhibits very thinness. Cyanosis is not seen in anemic hypoxia because the hemoglobin content itself is very low. Cyanosis does not occur particularly in histototocic hypoxia because of tissue damage also. In polycythemia, the quantity of deoxygenated blood enhances which results in the bluish discoloration of skin. Particularly, if the level of deoxygenated hemoglobin is approximately, 3-5 g/dl, cyanosis happens to the maximum extent. In most of the conditions, the cardiac pulmonary system is related to the development of cyanosis. Normally, an abnormal hemoglobin is not accepted by the pulse oximetry and that is why, particularly in methemoglobiunemia, the pulse oximetry reading shows more value in a wrong way. Cyanosis is divided into peripheral cyanosis and central cyanosis. Treatment of central cyanosis requires correction of metabolic abnormalitues, different types of drugs such as ACE inhibitors and diuretcs and oxyge therapy. Differential diagnosis is linked to anemia, heart failure, hydrocarbon toxicity, metabolic acidosis, pulmonary embolism and rota virus.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Hiremath G, Kamat D. Diagnostic considerations in infants and children with cyanosis. Pediatr Ann. 2015 Feb;44(2):76-80. [PubMed]
Lundsgaard C, Van Slyke D, Abbott ME. Cyanosis. Can Med Assoc J. 1923 Aug;13(8):601-4. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Taleb M, Ashraf Z, Valavoor S, Tinkel J. Evaluation and management of acquired methemoglobinemia associated with topical benzocaine use. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2013 Oct;13(5):325-30. [PubMed]
Lundsgaard C. STUDIES ON CYANOSIS : II. SECONDARY CAUSES OF CYANOSIS. J Exp Med. 1919 Sep 01;30(3):271-93. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Lundsgaard C. STUDIES ON CYANOSIS : I. PRIMARY CAUSES OF CYANOSIS. J Exp Med. 1919 Sep 01;30(3):259-69. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Dantzker DR, Foresman B, Gutierrez G. Oxygen supply and utilization relationships. A reevaluation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Mar;143(3):675-9. [PubMed]
Lees MH. Cyanosis of the newborn infant. Recognition and clinical evaluation. J Pediatr. 1970 Sep;77(3):484-98. [PubMed]
Lees MH, King DH. Cyanosis in the newborn. Pediatr Rev. 1987 Aug;9(2):36-42. [PubMed]
Steinhorn RH. Evaluation and management of the cyanotic neonate. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2008 Sep;9(3):169-175. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Ralston AC, Webb RK, Runciman WB. Potential errors in pulse oximetry. III: Effects of interferences, dyes, dyshaemoglobins and other pigments. Anaesthesia. 1991 Apr;46(4):291-5. [PubMed]
Ralston AC, Webb RK, Runciman WB. Potential errors in pulse oximetry. I. Pulse oximeter evaluation. Anaesthesia. 1991 Mar;46(3):202-6. [PubMed]
Da-Silva SS, Sajan IS, Underwood JP. Congenital methemoglobinemia: a rare cause of cyanosis in the newborn--a case report. Pediatrics. 2003 Aug;112(2):e158-61. [PubMed]
Wright RO, Lewander WJ, Woolf AD. Methemoglobinemia: etiology, pharmacology, and clinical management. Ann Emerg Med. 1999 Nov;34(5):646-56. [PubMed]
Jubran A. Pulse oximetry. Crit Care. 2015 Jul 16;19(1):272. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Jubran A. Pulse oximetry. Intensive Care Med. 2004 Nov;30(11):2017-20. [PubMed]
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.