Dyspnea, Physiological Dyspnea, Pathologic Dyspnea With Cardiac Disorders, Metabolic Disorders and Respiratory Disorders, Clinical Examination of Dyspnea and Diagnosis of Dyspnea
Abstract
Difficulty in breathing leads to the occurrence of dyspnea. It is also termed as the air hunger. Dyspnea results in discomfort. Prolonged dyspnea happens in cardiac disorders, metabolic disorders as well as respiratory disorders. Dyspnea happens particularly in pneumonia, pneumothorax, poliomyelitis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary effusion and more asthma. Cardiac type of dyspnea occurs especially in left ventricular failure as well as decompemsated mitral stenosis. Metabolic type of dyspnea occurs in diabetic acidosis, enhanced hydrogen ion concentration as well as uremia.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Lee SH, Yeo Y, Kim TH, Lee HL, Lee JH, Park YB, Park JS, Kim YH, Song JW, Jhun BW, Kim HJ, Park J, Uh ST, Kim YW, Kim DS, Park MS., Korean Interstitial Lung Diseases Study Group. Korean Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Interstitial Lung Diseases: Part 2. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2019 Apr;82(2):102-117. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Patel PH, Mirabile VS, Sharma S. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Aug 28, 2022. Wheezing. [PubMed]
Brinkman JE, Toro F, Sharma S. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Jun 8, 2022. Physiology, Respiratory Drive. [PubMed]
Zhang L, Ai T, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Hypoplasia of the left lung presenting as hemoptysis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(4):e14077. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Mejia R, Ward J, Lentine T, Mahler DA. Target dyspnea ratings predict expected oxygen consumption as well as target heart rate values. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 May;159(5 Pt 1):1485-9. [PubMed]
Meriggi F. Dyspnea in Cancer Patients: A Well-Known and Neglected Symptom. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2018;13(2):84-88. [PubMed]
Mammadli A, Kılıçkap M, Dinçer İ, Akbulut İM, Sayın T. Heart failure due to aorto-right atrial fistula and successful treatment with percutaneous closure. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2019 Jan;47(1):60-62. [PubMed]
Brinkman JE, Sharma S. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Jul 18, 2022. Physiology, Pulmonary. [PubMed]
Ayers ML, Mejia R, Ward J, Lentine T, Mahler DA. Effectiveness of salmeterol versus ipratropium bromide on exertional dyspnoea in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2001 Jun;17(6):1132-7. [PubMed]
Gillespie ND, McNeill G, Pringle T, Ogston S, Struthers AD, Pringle SD. Cross sectional study of contribution of clinical assessment and simple cardiac investigations to diagnosis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients admitted with acute dyspnoea. BMJ. 1997 Mar 29;314(7085):936-40. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Williamson A, Beckett D, Arestis N. A young breathless patient. Acute Med. 2018;17(1):49. [PubMed]
Sharma S, Hashmi MF, Burns B. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Aug 22, 2022. Alveolar Gas Equation. [PubMed]
Brinkman JE, Sharma S. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Jul 25, 2022. Respiratory Alkalosis. [PubMed]
Schulz R, Gerke C, Stein S, Specht MB, Hirche TO. [Nocturnal dyspnea]. MMW Fortschr Med. 2018 Apr;160(6):43-46. [PubMed]
Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, Banzett RB, Manning HL, Bourbeau J, Calverley PM, Gift AG, Harver A, Lareau SC, Mahler DA, Meek PM, O'Donnell DE., American Thoracic Society Committee on Dyspnea. An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Feb 15;185(4):435-52. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Quinn M, St Lucia K, Rizzo A. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Feb 2, 2022. Anatomy, Anatomic Dead Space. [PubMed]
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.