Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Drugs Acting on Hepatitis A and A Comprehensive Report

Ambica Prasad M., Muralinath E., Pooja Devi, Prasanta Chbukdhara, Sanjib Borah, Kalyan C., Archana Jain, Guruprasad M.

Abstract


The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common infectious etiology of acute hepatitis worldwide. The transmission of HAV happens through the oral-fecal route via exposure to contaminated food, water, or close physical contact with an infectious person. HAV is classified in the family Picornaviridae and genus Hepatovirus. It is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which replicates particularly within hepatocytes. Animal studies that found HAV antigen in intestinal crypt epithelial cells and lamina propria cells in the small intestine imply that replication may also occur at these sites. The authors give an information regarding etiology, pathophysiology, history as well as physical characters, diagnosis and treatment.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Alberts, C. J., Boyd, A., Bruisten, S. M., Heijman, T., Hogewoning, A., Van Rooijen, M., ... & Sonder, G. J. (2019). Hepatitis A incidence, seroprevalence, and vaccination decision among MSM in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Vaccine, 37(21), 2849-2856.

Johnson, K. D., Lu, X., & Zhang, D. (2019). Adherence to hepatitis A and hepatitis B multi-dose vaccination schedules among adults in the United Kingdom: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 19, 1-9.

Brennan, J., Moore, K., Sizemore, L., Mathieson, S. A., Wester, C., Dunn, J. R., ... & Jones, T. F. (2019). Notes from the field: acute hepatitis A virus infection among previously vaccinated persons with HIV infection—Tennessee, 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(14), 328-329.

Wilson, E. (2019). Notes from the field: hepatitis A outbreak associated with drug use and homelessness—West Virginia, 2018. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68.

Tan, E. M., Marcelin, J. R., & Virk, A. (2019). Pre-travel counseling for immuno compromised travelers: A 12-year single-center retrospective review. Infection, Disease & Health, 24(1), 13-22.

Nelson, N. P., Link-Gelles, R., Hofmeister, M. G., Romero, J. R., Moore, K. L., Ward, J. W., & Schillie, S. F. (2018). Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices for use of hepatitis A vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis and for preexposure prophylaxis for international travel.

Gervasi, G., Biticchi, M., Zaratti, L., Franco, E. (2018). Epidemics of Hepatitis A and opportunities for vaccination: a focus on the category of men who practice sex with men (MSM). Ig Sanita Pubbl, 74(3), 295-304.

Waszczuk, K., Waszczuk, E., & Szenborn, L. (2018). Can we better protect patients with inflammatory bowel disease against infections—patient attitude and personal immunization knowledge. Acta Gastro Enterol. Belg, 81, 257-261.

O’Leary, S. T., & Kimberlin, D. W. (2018). Update from the advisory committee on immunization practices. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 7(3), 181-187.

Singh, V., Crosby, R. A., Gratzer, B., Gorbach, P. M., Markowitz, L. E., & Meites, E. (2018). Disclosure of sexual behavior is significantly associated with receiving a panel of health care services recommended for men who have sex with men. Sexually transmitted diseases, 45(12), 803-807.

Bialek, S. R., Thoroughman, D. A., Hu, D., Simard, E. P., Chattin, J., Cheek, J., & Bell, B. P. (2004). Hepatitis A incidence and hepatitis A vaccination among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1990–2001. American journal of public health, 94(6), 996-1001.

Bownds, L., Lindekugel, R., & Stepak, P. (2003). Economic impact of a hepatitis A epidemic in a mid-sized urban community: the case of Spokane, Washington. Journal of Community Health, 28, 233-246.

Butot, S., Putallaz, T., & Sanchez, G. (2008). Effects of sanitation, freezing and frozen storage on enteric viruses in berries and herbs. International journal of food microbiology, 126(1-2), 30-35.

Calder, L., Simmons, G., Thornley, C., Taylor, P., Pritchard, K., Greening, G., & Bishop, J. (2003). An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with consumption of raw blueberries. Epidemiology & Infection, 131(1), 745-751.

Disease Burden from Viral Hepatitis A, B, and C in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/Hepatitis

Wasley, A., Gallagher, K. M., & Grytdal, S. (2008). Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis, United States, 2006.

Hepatitis A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2019). Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/p

Updated Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for Use of Hepatitis A Vaccine in Close Contacts of Newly Arriving International Adoptees. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/previ

Update: Prevention of Hepatitis A after Exposure to Hepatitis A Virus and in International Travelers. Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/previ

Detry, O., De Roover, A., Honore, P., Meurisse, M. (2006). Brain edema and intracranial hypertension in fulminant hepatic failure: Pathophysiology and management. World J Gastroenterol, 12(46), 7405-12.

Feinstone, S., Gust, I. Hepatitis A Virus, in Mandell, Douglas, & Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Edition, Chap. 161, 1920-40 (2000).

Fiore A. Hepatitis A Transmitted by Food. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/

Fiore, A., Wasley, A., Bell, B.P. (2006). Prevention of Hepatitis A through Active or Passive Immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep, 55(RR07), 1-23.

Glikson, M., et al. (1992). Relapsing Hepatitis A Review of 14 Cases and Literature Survey. Medicine, 71(1):14-23.

Hutin, Y.J.F., et al. (1999). A Multistate, Foodborne Outbreak of Hepatitis A. N Engl J Med. 340:595-602.

Jaykus, L. (1997). Epidemiology and Detection as Options for Control of Viral and Parasitic Foodborne Disease. Emerg Infect Dis, 3(4), 529-39.

Piazza, M., et al. (1999). Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in infants: a candidate for inclusion in the childhood vaccination programme. Vaccine, 17(6), 585-8.

Rawls, R.A., Vega, K.J. (2005). Viral hepatitis in minority America. J Clin Gastroenterol, 39(2), 144-51.

Sagliocca, L., et al. (1999). Efficacy of hepatitis A vaccine in prevention of secondary hepatitis A infection: a randomised trial. Lance, 353(9159), 1136-9.

Scharff, R.L., McDowell J, Medeiros L. (2009). Economic cost of foodborne illness in Ohio. J Food Prot, 72(1), 128-36.

Schiff, E.R. (1992). Atypical clinical manifestations of hepatitis A. Vaccine. 10(Suppl 1):S18-20.

Taylor, R.M., et al. (2006). Fulminant Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Incidence, Prognosis, and Outcomes. Hepatology, 44(6), 1589-97.

Todd, E.C.D., et al. (2009). Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 6. Transmission and survival of pathogens in the food processing and preparation environment. J Food Prot, 72(1), 202-19.

Wheeler, C., et al. (2005). An Outbreak of Hepatitis A Associated with Green Onions. N Engl J Med, 353, 890-7.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.