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Underwater Construction of Basements: Methods and Applications

Ravikumar Shantibhai Parmar, Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Pitroda, Dr. Reshma L. Patel, Er. Jayesh D. Prajapati

Abstract


The growing demand for underground space in urban areas has made underwater basement construction a critical innovation in modern civil engineering. Structures such as metro stations, tunnels, and deep basements are increasingly being built below the groundwater level, where challenges such as hydrostatic pressure, soil instability, water seepage, and long-term durability must be effectively managed. This study reviews the principles, construction techniques, and material advancements that enable safe and efficient underwater construction. It emphasizes key methods including diaphragm walls, cofferdams, and caisson systems, which provide stability and water control in deep excavations. Modern concreting technologies such as tremie placement, anti-washout admixtures, and self-protected underwater concrete have greatly improved the quality and strength of submerged structures. Furthermore, the integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM), automation, and artificial intelligence has transformed project planning, monitoring, and risk management, ensuring greater precision and safety. Case examples from metro and coastal basement projects illustrate the success of combining dewatering techniques, durable materials, and digital systems to enhance sustainability and performance. The study concludes that the future of underwater basement construction lies in merging traditional engineering expertise with smart technologies and eco-friendly materials to achieve safe, durable, and sustainable infrastructure in complex hydrogeological conditions.

 


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References


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