Decoding ABO Blood Grouping and Diseases: A Link between Genotype and Global Health Patterns

Abstract

The ABO blood grouping system was discovered more than a hundred years ago and is one of the most clinically important markers in the medical field due to its significant impact on blood transfusion safety, susceptibility to certain diseases, and population genetics. The paper attempts a detailed review of the biological details of ABO and Rh antigens, and draws attention to their functions beyond transfusion compatibility, for instance, their functional involvement in diseases like infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and immunological reactions. Investigating the distribution of blood groups within populations and their evolutionary adaptations, for example, their adaptations against the top priority problem like malaria, reveals how health outcomes are influenced by ecology and genetics. The paper also examines the molecular mechanisms of antigen-antibody interactions and their implications for organ transplantation, maternal-fetal compatibility, and plasma therapy. Particular attention is given to the health implications of personal blood types and their correlations with the occurrence of peptic ulcer, pancreatic and stomach cancer, diabetes, and stroke. The article also examines the new evidence for the impact of blood type on stress response, loss of memories, fertility, and longevity. Bringing molecular biology and epidemiology together, this paper highlights the critical importance of the ABO blood group for precision medicine, preventive healthcare, and global health policies.