Phytochemical and Anticancer Investigation of Allium Sativum: A Review

Abstract

Garlic (Allium sativum) has long been recognized for its therapeutic potential, particularly in traditional medicine systems. Among its many health benefits, its anticancer properties have become a focal point in modern biomedical research. This review provides a thorough analysis of how garlic and its phytochemical constituents—especially allicin, ajoene, and various organosulfur compounds—may contribute to cancer prevention and treatment. These substances have been shown to exhibit anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-metastatic actions in several cancer models. Their activity is linked to interference with cellular signaling pathways involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, programmed cell death, and blood vessel formation. Furthermore, garlic may influence the behavior of key regulatory genes and enhance the body’s immune defense mechanisms. While laboratory and animal studies provide compelling support, clinical results are inconsistent, often due to variation in preparation methods, dosages, and participant characteristics. This article also considers the limitations of current studies and offers perspectives on how garlic might be more effectively used in oncology.