Advancements in Geopolymers: Characteristics, Durability, and Applications in Masonry Units and Bricks

Abstract

Geopolymers have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional cement-based materials, offering superior mechanical properties and environmental benefits. This review explores the characteristics, durability, and applications of geopolymers, emphasizing the use of low-calcium fly ash, metakaolin, and GGBFS as binders. Studies highlight the influence of curing temperature, sodium hydroxide concentration, and binder ratios on the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. Notably, curing at temperatures between 60°C and 90°C significantly enhances strength. Research also shows that geopolymers exhibit reduced drying shrinkage and enhanced resistance to chemical attacks, including chloride and sulfate exposure, compared to traditional concrete. Additionally, geopolymer-based masonry units demonstrate improved compressive strength and lower water absorption, making them suitable for various construction applications. The use of alternative aggregates such as M-sand further improves the performance of geopolymer mixtures. This review aims to synthesize recent findings, identifying optimal material compositions and production techniques that enhance the performance of geopolymer-based materials for sustainable construction.