A Comprehensive Review on Epilepsy: Diagnosis, Management And Quality of Life

Abstract

  A seizure is an example of the brain's uncontrollably aberrant electrical activity, which can alter behavior, memory, emotions, and awareness. The differential diagnosis of an event includes convulsive concussion, convulsive syncope, movement disorders, rigors, sleep-related events, or psychogenic non-epileptic episodes. There are two types of seizures: partial and generalized. The most prevalent kind of seizure in adults, partial seizures, occur when one section of the cortex fires first and can show up as basic symptoms such motor or sensory abnormalities. Either generalization of partial seizure activity or diffuse cortical activation at seizure start cause generalized seizures.

• Both provoked and unprovoked seizures are possible. Acute symptomatic seizures, often referred to as provoked seizures, can be caused by a variety of conditions, including vascular abnormalities, viral processes, head trauma, electrolyte imbalances, toxins, tumors, or other mass lesions. The list of triggers for seizures is broad and may include side effects from nearly any illness. Listed below are a few typical causes:

• Disturbances in electrolytes, including hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, and hypocalcemia
• Acute toxic effects (such as those of sympathomimetic drugs and antidepressants)
• Withdrawal symptoms (benzodiazepines, ethanol, etc.)
• Noncompliance with antiepileptic drug prescriptions
• Sepsis
• CNS infection
• Hypoxic brain injury