Optimization of Hybrid PV/Wind Energy Resources with Battery Storage for Preservation of Agro Produce

Abstract

Post-harvest losses of agricultural produce remain a major challenge in many developing regions due to unreliable electricity supply for cold storage and preservation facilities. This study aims to design and evaluate a hybrid solar photovoltaic–wind energy system integrated with battery storage for sustainable agro-produce preservation. The problem addressed is the dependence on unstable grid electricity and diesel generators, which increase operational costs and environmental emissions. The study develops a mathematical and energy management framework using hybrid power balance equations, renewable energy generation models, optimal sizing formulations, and reliability indicators. Solar photovoltaic generation, wind turbine output, battery storage capacity, Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) were modeled using Equations (1)–(10). Energy demand analysis shows that during the peak perishable fruit season the preservation facility requires approximately 231.1 kWh/day, while the non-perishable season demand drops to 39.42 kWh/day. Simulation results indicate that the photovoltaic system produces a peak power of 27.00 kW, while the wind turbine generates a maximum output of 10.94 kW at wind speeds of 9 m/s. The hybrid configuration produces a surplus generation exceeding 25 kW during peak sunlight hours. However, night periods show an energy deficit reaching approximately −9.0 kW, which is compensated by battery storage. A total battery capacity requirement of 577.75 kWh was estimated to maintain uninterrupted operation of refrigeration facilities. Reliability analysis shows that the hybrid system maintains a very low Loss of Power Supply Probability, ensuring continuous power supply for agro-produce preservation. Economic evaluation demonstrates that the Levelized Cost of Energy decreases to approximately 0.07 per kWh over a 25-year system lifetime. The study recommends policy support for renewable hybrid energy deployment in agricultural storage infrastructure, investment incentives for rural cold-chain systems, and integration of renewable energy technologies in agro-industrial development programs to reduce food losses and carbon emissions.