ANCIENT INGENUITY: A REAPPRAISAL OF THE ARCHITECTURAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF INDUS VALLEY TOWN PLANNING

Abstract

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), one of the world's most ancient urban societies, exhibited remarkable town planning concepts that continue to intrigue scholars and urban planners alike. This paper critically examines the architectural principles and socio-political implications of Harappan urbanism, moving beyond a purely descriptive account to offer a nuanced reinterpretation of archaeological evidence. Employing a mixed-methods historical-archaeological approach, the study synthesizes existing scholarly literature with a comparative and analytical framework. The analysis confirms the civilization's mastery of pre-planned urbanism, including grid-based street networks, standardized construction materials, and sophisticated water and drainage systems. However, a deeper investigation reveals that Harappan planning was not merely utilitarian. It also embodied "non-utilitarian" principles, such as the systematic application of geometric proportions in its structures, and a complex social structure that balanced clear stratification with a high degree of civic welfare. The enduring legacy of these ancient practices offers valuable lessons for contemporary urban planning, particularly in their emphasis on public health, sustainability, and community-centric design.