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Essential Newborn Care Practices: Evidence-Based Strategies for Improving Neonatal Survival and Long- Term Health Outcomes

Aswathy R. C.

Abstract


The neonatal period, defined as the first 28 days of life, represents the most vulnerable phase in the human life cycle. Despite remarkable global progress in maternal and child health, neonatal mortality continues to contribute significantly to under-five deaths, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. According to recent global estimates, nearly 2.3 million neonatal deaths occur annually, accounting for almost half of all under-five mortality [1]. A substantial proportion of these deaths are preventable through timely and standardized implementation of Essential Newborn Care (ENC). ENC is a comprehensive package of evidence-based, cost-effective interventions delivered immediately after birth and during the early neonatal period.

 

This review critically examines core ENC components including thermal protection, early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, hygienic cord care, infection prevention, neonatal resuscitation, immunization at birth, and caregiver education. International guidelines, systematic reviews, and peer-reviewed studies were synthesized to evaluate their effectiveness and public health impact. Evidence indicates that integrated ENC implementation significantly reduces hypothermia, neonatal sepsis, birth asphyxia, and feeding-related complications [2–5].

 

Strengthening health systems, capacity building of nurses and midwives, community awareness, and policy integration are fundamental to achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 targets for neonatal survival. Scaling up ENC coverage remains a critical strategy for reducing preventable neonatal deaths and ensuring optimal long-term health outcomes.


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